ABSTRACT
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the second leading cause of cancer death in Argentina. The cumulative lifetime risk of developing CRC for both men and women is 4-6%. Despite advances in the management of this disease, the 5-year survival rate is about 60% because only 35% of patients are diagnosed when the disease is localized. Risk factors for CRC include age, diet and life style factors, personal or family history of adenomas or CRC and personal history of inflammatory bowel disease. Scientific evidence shows that primary and secondary prevention, through screening programs, permit to reduce incidence and mortality significantly. Chemopreventive agents, including nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, folate, and calcium, have been shown to have some preventive effect. Physical inactivity and excess body weight are consistent risk factors for CRC. Tobacco exposure, diet high in red meat and low in vegetables and alcohol consumption, probably in combination with a diet low in folate, appear to increase risk. The dietary fiber and risk of CRC has been studied but the results are still inconclusive. Screening for CRC is cost-effective compared with no screening, but a single optimal strategy cannot be determined from the currently available data. The advantages and disadvantages or limitations of screening modalities for CRC are analyzed. The literature and clinical practice guidelines are reviewed, with an emphasis on advances and evolving screening methods and recommendations for patients with average, moderate and high-risk CRC.
El cáncer colorrectal (CCR) ocupa el segundo lugar en mortalidad por tumores malignos en Argentina. Elriesgo de padecer un CCR a través de toda la vida es de 4-6%. A pesar de los avances en el tratamiento, la sobrevidaa 5 años del CCR se ubica en el 60% debido a que sólo el 35% de los pacientes tienen enfermedadlocalizada en el momento del diagnóstico. Los factores de riesgo incluyen la edad, dieta y estilo de vida, historia personal o familiar de adenomas o CCR y antecedentes de enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal. La evidenciacientífica permite señalar que la prevención primaria y secundaria a través de programas de pesquisapermitiría reducir la incidencia y la mortalidad significativamente. Agentes quimiopreventivos, como los antiinflamatorios no esteroideos, ácido fólico y calcio han mostrado algún efecto preventivo. El sedentarismoy el exceso de peso son convincentes factores de riesgo de CCR. El tabaco, una dieta rica en carnes rojas,pobre en vegetales y el consumo de alcohol, probablemente en combinación con una reducción de la ingestade ácido fólico, parecen incrementar el riesgo de CCR. La relación entre la ingesta de fibra y el riesgo deCCR ha sido largamente estudiada pero los resultados no son aún concluyentes. La pesquisa del CCR es costoefectivacomparada con su no realización. Se analizan las ventajas y desventajas o limitaciones de las diferentes estrategias. La literatura y las distintas normativas fueron revisadas evaluando los avances, nuevos métodosy recomendaciones para personas con riesgo promedio, moderado y alto.
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Male , Exercise , Feeding Behavior , Life Style , Colorectal Neoplasms/prevention & control , Argentina , Cost-Benefit Analysis , Genetic Predisposition to Disease , Colorectal Neoplasms/etiology , Primary Prevention/economics , Mass Screening/economics , Risk FactorsABSTRACT
Anal cancers compromise only 1.5% of all digestive tumors. At present, concurrent radiochemotherapy (RT-CT) is the treatment of choice for most of these lesions. OBJECTIVE: To collect and analyze clinical data from the medical records of all consecutive patients with squamous cell carcinoma of the anal canal (SCCAC) treated by the Oncology Section in 20 years. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The medical records of 108 patients with SCCAC were reviewed: 64% were women, mean age was 57.6 years (27-85), only 1 patient was HIV(+). RESULTS: Initial treatment: 87 patients were treated with RT-CT (81%), 5 CT only, 2 RT only, 8 local resection and 6 abdominoperineal resection (APR). 1) Patients initially treated with RT-CT: cobalt therapy was given to 76% of pts and linear accelerator was used in 24% of patients. 24% of patients received Mitomycin C based CT (modified Nigro), 66% Cisplatin based CT and 10% 5FU alone; 66% had clinical complete response (CCR) (26% of them relapsed). Median follow up was 2.16 years (1 month-15.5 years), median time to progression was 11.8 months and overall survival was 76.7% at 3 years (CI 95%: 65.2-87.7). 2) Patients initially treated with local resection: 6 patients NED and 2 relapsed (1 had CCR after RT-CT). 3) Patients initially treated with APR: 5 with curative intent (4 had local recurrence), and 1 was palliative. 4) Surgical rescue after RT-CT in 6 patients with curative intent (4 APR and 2 local resections), and in 15 patients was palliative (2 APR and other surgeries in 13). CONCLUSIONS: Our group is pioneer in the use of Cisplatin based RT-CT for the treatment of patients with SCCAC. Complete response rate and overall survival at 3 years, were similar to those reported by international data. As this is probably one of the largest series of SCCAC in Argentina, we hope that this analysis of our data would be a starting point to develop prospective clinical trials.
El carcinoma epidermoide del canal anal (CCA) constituye el 1.5% de los cánceres del sistema digestivo. Lamayoría de los pacientes puede acceder a la cura a través de radioquimioterapia (RT-QT) concurrente. Objetivos:evaluar qué ocurrió con todos los pacientes con CCA registrados por la Sección Oncología en 20 años.Pacientes y métodos: se revisaron las fichas de 108 pacientes:64% eran mujeres y la edad media fue de 57.6 años (27-83), sólo 1 paciente tenía confirmación de HIV (+). Resultados: tratamiento inicial: 87 pacientes recibieron RT-QT (81%), 5 QT sola, 2 RT sola, 8 resecciónlocal y 6 resección abdominoperineal (RAP). 1) Grupo con RT-QT de inicio: 76% realizó telecobaltoterapiay 24% acelerador lineal, 24% de los pacientes recibió un esquema con Mitomicina (Nigro modificado),66% esquemas con Cisplatino y 10% 5FU solo; respuesta clínica completa 66% (26% de ellos recidivaron).La mediana de seguimiento fue de 2.16 años (1 mes-15.5 años), la mediana de tiempo a la progresión fue de 11.8 meses y la sobrevida global fue de76.7% a los 3 años (IC 95%: 65.2-87.7). 2) Grupo con resección local de inicio: 6 pacientes sin enfermedada largo plazo y 2 recidivas (1 de ellas rescatada con RT-QT con respuesta completa). 3) RAP de inicio: 5con intención curativa (4 recidivaron localmente) y 1 paliativa. 4) Cirugía luego de RT-QT: en 6 pacientescon intención curativa (4 RAP y 2 resecciones locales), y en 15 pacientes con intención paliativa (2 RAP y 13otras cirugías). Conclusiones: nuestro grupo es pionero en el empleo de RT-QT basada en Cisplatino para eltratamiento de pacientes con CCA. Las tasas de respuesta completa y la de pacientes vivos a 3 años fueronsimilares a las reportadas en la literatura internacional. Dado que esta es probablemente la experiencia actualizada en CCA más grande de nuestro país, confiamos en que la elaboración de los datos que aquí presentamos sea el punto de partida para desarrollar ensayos clínicos prospectivos.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adult , Middle Aged , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/therapy , Anus Neoplasms/therapy , Radiotherapy Dosage , Retrospective Studies , Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use , Neoplasm Recurrence, Local , Treatment Outcome , Follow-Up Studies , Disease-Free Survival , Combined Modality TherapyABSTRACT
In order to investigate the medical treatment of anal canal carcinoma (ACC), 27 patients (pts) were treated with cisplatin, fluorouracil and radiotherapy, in an alternating schedule. Eleven pts received mitomycin C, fluorouracil and radiotherapy, in a concurrent scheme. Finally, six pts were included in a new outpatient scheme with cisplatin, fluorouracil, leucovorin, mitomycin C and concurrent radiotherapy. Within the first schedule, 25 pts were evaluable and 18 achieved complete response. All of them are disease free until now. With the second scheme, 7/10 pts had a complete response and 5 of them are alive and disease free. All the pts included in the last schedule (6/6) achieved complete remission. There were no deaths related to toxicity. Our experience is one of the earliest in oncology using cisplatin as a first line drug, in the non-surgical treatment of ACC. We think that the use of cisplatin is feasible, its toxicity is manageable, and its effectivity is similar to other schedules, as observed in our last scheme.